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HomeMemberHelpful ToolsHealth ResourcesDiabetes Types

Diabetes

Diabetes is a disease in which the body cannot properly use insulin. The body either doesn’t make enough insulin, or can’t use the insulin properly. As a result, there is too much sugar in the blood. People with diabetes can take steps to control the disease and lower the risk of serious complications.

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Types of Diabetes: 

Causes, Identification, and More

➤There are different types of diabetes, each with different causes, but they all share the common problem of having too much glucose in your bloodstream.
Select a class in the dropdown to learn more.

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Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not make enough insulin. People with Type 1 diabetes are usually diagnosed as children or adolescents, and depend on insulin therapy and other treatments to make up for the lack of insulin.

Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes occurs when the pancreas makes some insulin, but it’s not enough to meet the body’s needs. People with Type 2 diabetes are usually diagnosed as adults and are not dependent on insulin therapy.
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes can occur in pregnant women. While it doesn’t mean a woman had diabetes before pregnancy or will have diabetes after birth, her doctor’s advice should be followed to remain healthy.
Prediabetes

Prediabetes means you have a higher than normal blood sugar level.  Unmanaged prediabetes can lead to Type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes doesn’t always have symptoms, so it’s crucial to get blood sugar levels tested, especially if you’re at high risk. Losing weight, exercising regularly and healthy eating habits can reverse prediabetes and prevent Type 2 diabetes.

Other types of Diabetes

According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), about 2% of people have rarer types of diabetes. Including MODY, LADA, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, and diabetes caused by rare syndromes.

  • MODY ➤ MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young) is caused by a mutation in a single gene. If a parent has this gene mutation, any child they have, has a 50% chance of inheriting it from them. If a child does inherit the mutation, the symptoms of MODY are often established before the age of 25, regardless of their weight or lifestyle.  It’s estimated that 90% of those diagnosed with MODY are mistakenly diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes at first.

  • LADA  ➤ LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults) is a type of diabetes which straddles type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The symptoms reported of this variant correspond with each Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, which is why some people call it type 1.5 diabetes or type 1 ½ diabetes. Whereas being overweight is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, people with LADA tend to have a healthy weight.

  • CFRD ➤ CFRD (Cystic Fibrosis-related Diabetes) is a type of diabetes that is unique to children and adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). The accumulation of sticky mucus caused by CF can sometimes lead to inflammation and scarring of the pancreas. This can damage the cells that produce insulin, leading to high blood glucose (sugar) levels. When the pancreas can’t produce enough insulin, blood sugar levels may continue to rise and develop into CFRD.


 

 

 

Testing & Diagnosis

Common Tests for Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Prediabetes

If diagnosed, your doctor will have you take one or more of the following blood tests:

A1C Test

The A1C test measures your average blood sugar level over the past 2 or 3 months.  

  • An A1C below 5.7% is normal
  • An A1C between 5.7 and 6.4% indicates you have prediabetes
  • An A1C 6.5% or higher indicates you have diabetes

*Results for gestational diabetes can differ. Ask your health care provider what your results mean if you’re being tested for gestational diabetes.

Glucose Tolerance Test

This test measures your blood sugar before and after you drink a liquid that contains glucose. You’ll be asked to fast overnight before the test and have your blood drawn to determine your fasting blood sugar level. Then you’ll drink the liquid and have your blood sugar level checked 1 hour, 2 hours, and possibly 3 hours afterward. 

At 2 hours, a blood sugar level of.... 

  • 140 mg/dL or lower is considered normal
  • 140 to 199 mg/dL indicates you have prediabetes
  • 200 mg/dL or higher indicates you have diabetes

*Results for gestational diabetes can differ. Ask your health care provider what your results mean if you’re being tested for gestational diabetes.

Fasting Blood Sugar Test

This test measures your blood sugar after an overnight fast. 

A fasting blood sugar level of...

  • 99 mg/dL or lower is normal
  • 100 to 125 mg/dL indicates you have prediabetes
  • 126 mg/dL or higher indicates you have diabetes

*Results for gestational diabetes can differ. Ask your health care provider what your results mean if you’re being tested for gestational diabetes.

Random Blood Sugar Test

This measures your blood sugar at the time you’re tested. You can take this test at any time and don’t need to fast prior to your appointment. A blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL or higher indicates you have diabetes.

*Results for gestational diabetes can differ. Ask your health care provider what your results mean if you’re being tested for gestational diabetes.

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What Does Insulin Do?

Insulin allows the cells in the muscles, fat and liver to absorb glucose that is in the blood. The glucose serves as energy to these cells, or it can be converted into fat when needed. Insulin also affects other metabolic processes, such as the breakdown of fat or protein.  Learn more below:

How is insulin created?

Insulin is a hormone created by your pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in your bloodstream at any given moment. It also helps store glucose in your liver, fat, and muscles. In addition, insulin balances your body’s metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

What happens with insulin when you eat?

When you eat, your blood glucose levels elevate, and this leads a typical person’s pancreas to release insulin, so that the sugar can be stored as energy for later use. Without this pancreatic ability, as a person with either type 1 diabetes or advanced type 2 diabetes, one's blood sugar levels may rise dangerously high, or drop too low.

What happens when insulin no longer works?

Without proper insulin function, your body can’t store glucose in your muscles or liver, but neither can it make any fat.  Instead, the fat breaks down and produces, among other things, keto acids.  If the acid levels grow too high, the imbalance can trigger diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially fatal condition if not treated immediately.

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Diabetes & Heart Disease

According to the National Institute of and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), individuals with diabetes are more likely to develop heart disease. People with diabetes are also more likely to have certain risk factors, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol, that increase their chances of having a heart attack or a stroke.  Learn more below:

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What is the connection between diabetes and heart disease?
  • High blood glucose from diabetes can damage your blood vessels and the nerves that control your heart and blood vessels. Over time, this damage can potentially lead to heart disease.

  • People with diabetes also tend to develop heart disease at a younger age than people without diabetes. In fact, adults with diabetes are nearly twice as likely to have heart disease or stroke as adults without diabetes.

  • The good news is that the steps you take to control your diabetes also help lower your chances of developing heart disease.
What other factors increase my chances of heart disease if I have diabetes?
  • Smoking ➤ Smoking raises your risk of developing heart disease.  If you have diabetes, it is important to stop smoking, because both smoking and diabetes narrow blood vessels.  

  • High blood pressure ➤ If you have high blood pressure, your heart has to pump harder to circulate blood. High blood pressure can strain your heart, damage blood vessels, and increase your risk of heart attack and stroke. Consider having your blood pressure checked regularly, and work with your doctor to regulate or lower high blood pressure.

  • Harmful cholesterol levels ➤ Cholesterol is a type of fat produced by your liver. You have two kinds of cholesterol in your blood: LDL and HDL. LDL, often referred to as “bad” cholesterol, can build up and clog your blood vessels. HDL, sometimes referred to as the “good cholesterol.” Higher levels of HDL is linked to lower risk for heart disease and stroke. To improve LDL and HDL balance, try to limit the amount of fat in your eating plan, consume more plant-based foods, and get regular physical activity.

  • Family history of heart disease ➤ Unfortunately, a family history of heart disease may add to your chances of developing the condition. If one or more of your family members had a heart attack before the age of 50, you have double the chance of developing heart disease, compared with diabetics who have no family history of the disease.  

 

 

Obesity and Diabetes

Being overweight or having obesity can make it more difficult to manage your diabetes and may compound into additional health problems, including heart disease and high blood pressure. If you are overweight and have diabetes, adopting a healthy eating plan with fewer calories and more physical activity often will lower your blood glucose levels and reduce your need for medicines.

 

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Infographic ➤ Obesity and Diabetes: Interrelationship

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Living with Diabetes

Managing your ABCs

While diabetes is a serious and critical illness requiring constant attention and maintenance, living a happy, healthy, active lifestyle is still possible. With the right determination, you can manage the numbers without excessive stress and inconvenience.

An easy way to stay on top of your condition is to remember your diabetes ABCs.

A is for the A1C test

As referenced in our Testing & Diagnosis segment, The A1C test shows your average blood glucose level over the past 3 months. 

  • The A1C goal for many people with diabetes is below 7%. 
  • Some people may do better with a slightly higher A1C goal. Your A1C goals may also change as you get older and your lifestyle changes. 
  • Ask your health care team what your goal should be.
B is for blood pressure

Blood pressure is the force of your blood against the wall of your blood vessels. High blood pressure can cause a heart attack or stroke and damage your kidneys and eyes.

  • The blood pressure goal for most people with diabetes is below 140/90 mm Hg. Talk to your primary to determine what your goal should be.
C is for cholesterol

A buildup of cholesterol, a form of fat found in your blood, can cause a heart attack or stroke.  Monitor your cholesterol levels regularly.

As a rule-of-thumb, the 50-100-150 rule is general consensus for healthy cholesterol levels.  Be sure to ask your health care team what your specific cholesterol numbers should be.

  • HDL Cholesterol ➤ 50 or higher
  • LDL Cholesterol  ➤ 100 or lower
  • Triglycerides ➤ 150 or lower

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More on Diabetes

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Ketoacidosis

•When ketone levels become too high, it can lead to potentially life-threatening condition, called diabetic ketoacidosis or DKA.

Read This Article


Hispanic Heritage Month: Addressing Health Disparities and Promoting Equity
9/15/2023 • Posted by George Rodriguez, Fidelis Care Vice President of Sales and Marketing in Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, In The Community, Social Determinants of Health

Hispanic Heritage month image

As Hispanic Heritage Month begins September 15, Fidelis Care joins New York State and the nation in celebrating the rich cultural heritage, contributions, and resilience of the Hispanic community. Hispanic Heritage Month reflects my culture, family, and joy. That’s what I experienced as a child in the Dominican Republic and embrace today. I am proud of my heritage, and work to educate and empower my children to be proud of who they are and what they represent. I consider the month a celebration of my authentic self.

During Hispanic Heritage Month, which runs through October 15, we reflect on the strides made, yet also recognize the ongoing health disparities that impact our diverse and dynamic population. Despite our remarkable contributions to society, Hispanics encounter significant disparities in accessing quality healthcare and achieving the best health outcomes.

Our community faces many challenges that require attention and action, including:

  • Healthcare Access and Use: Hispanics often face barriers to accessing healthcare because of factors such as language barriers, lack of health insurance, and limited awareness of services.
  • Chronic Conditions: Rates of chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and obesity are higher among Hispanics, leading to a rise of preventable health issues.
  • Maternal and Child Health: Hispanic Americans have a higher rate of preterm births, low birth weights, and infant mortality.
  • Mental Health: Stigmas around mental health and a lack of mental healthcare to which Hispanics can relate contribute to lower rates of seeking and receiving mental health support.
  • Cancer: Hispanic Americans face disparities in cancer prevention, screening, and treatment, leading to higher mortality rates from certain types of cancer.
  • Vaccinations: Vaccination rates within the Hispanic community have often fallen behind the national average, leading to increased risk during infectious disease outbreaks.

These health disparities are often rooted in social determinants of health, which are the conditions in which people are born, grow up, live, work, and age. Economic stability, education, access to healthcare, food insecurity, housing, transportation, and social support systems play a crucial role in shaping health outcomes. Addressing these determinants is essential to reducing health disparities within the Hispanic population.

I am proud to work for a company that recognizes healthcare disparities and makes efforts to address them. We are committed to making a difference by offering:

  • Culturally tailored services: We offer culturally sensitive healthcare resources, educational materials, and multilingual customer support to ensure that our Hispanic members can access and understand their healthcare options.
  • Community outreach and education: We actively engage with Hispanic communities through health fairs, workshops, and partnerships to raise awareness about preventive care, healthy living, and available healthcare services.
  • Diverse provider networks: We collaborate with healthcare providers who understand and respect the cultural nuances of the Hispanic community, ensuring that quality care is accessible to all.
  • Advocacy and policy support: We advocate for policies that address health disparities and promote health equity at local, state, and national levels.

Hispanic Heritage Month offers an opportunity to celebrate the cultural richness of Hispanic Americans while recognizing and addressing the unique healthcare challenges that we face. Fidelis Care is committed to promoting health equity and delivering culturally sensitive care to every one of our members. By prioritizing access to healthcare and addressing social determinants of health, we can build a healthier and more inclusive future for the Hispanic community and beyond.